Guru Amar Das was the third Guru of Sikhism, succeeding Guru Angad Dev, and he played a pivotal role in shaping the Sikh faith during his tenure. His contributions to Sikhism include social, religious, and administrative reforms that had a lasting impact on the Sikh community. In this essay, we will explore Guru Amar Das’s life, his contributions to Sikhism, and his enduring legacy.
Early Life and Background:
Guru Amar Das was born on May 5, 1479, in Basarke, a village near Amritsar, in the present-day state of Punjab, India. His parents were Bhai Tej Bhan Bhalla and Mata Lakhmi. Initially, Amar Das was a devout Hindu and followed the Vaishnav tradition, worshiping Vishnu and performing various religious rituals.
Amar Das married Mata Mansa Devi, and they had four children—two sons, Mohri and Mohan, and two daughters, Dani and Bhani. He worked as a farmer and merchant, leading a pious life.
Transformation and Meeting with Guru Angad:
Amar Das’s life took a transformative turn when he encountered Guru Angad Dev. In 1541, at the age of 62, Amar Das heard a recitation of a hymn by Guru Nanak Dev and was deeply moved. He sought out Guru Angad Dev and became a devoted disciple. Amar Das served Guru Angad Dev with great dedication, performing tasks such as carrying water and tending to the needs of the Guru and the community.
Guru Amar Das’s Guruship:
In 1552, when Guru Angad Dev passed away, he appointed Amar Das as his successor, making him the third Guru of Sikhism. This succession was based on Amar Das’s devotion, humility, and deep understanding of Sikh teachings.
Contributions and Reforms:
During his tenure as Guru, Amar Das implemented several key reforms and made significant contributions to the Sikh faith:
- Creation of Manji System:
- Guru Amar Das established the Manji system, a network of 22 administrative units across northern India. Each Manji was headed by a representative (Masand) appointed by the Guru. This system helped organize the Sikh community and facilitate communication and management.
- Promotion of Women’s Rights:
- Guru Amar Das was a strong advocate for women’s rights. He abolished practices such as sati (widow burning) and encouraged the remarriage of widows. He also promoted equal participation of women in religious and social activities.
- Standardization of Sikh Practices:
- Guru Amar Das standardized Sikh religious practices, including the recitation of prayers and hymns, and the observance of religious festivals such as Baisakhi.
- Expansion of Langar:
- Guru Amar Das expanded the tradition of langar (community kitchen), where people from all backgrounds could sit together and share a meal. This practice promoted equality and social harmony.
- Establishment of New Centers:
- Guru Amar Das established new centers of worship and learning, including the city of Goindval, which became a hub for Sikh teachings and practices.
- Composing and Compiling Hymns:
- Guru Amar Das composed many hymns and compiled the works of the previous Gurus, contributing to the body of Sikh religious texts.
Legacy and Impact:
Guru Amar Das’s impact on Sikhism was profound and far-reaching:
- Strengthening of Sikh Identity:
- His reforms and teachings strengthened the Sikh identity and community, promoting values such as equality, social justice, and service to others.
- Role Model for Future Gurus:
- Guru Amar Das set a standard of leadership and humility that inspired future Gurus, including his successors.
- Expansion of Sikhism:
- Under his leadership, Sikhism expanded its influence across northern India, attracting followers from various backgrounds.
Conclusion:
Guru Amar Das’s tenure as the third Guru of Sikhism was marked by transformative reforms and significant contributions to the faith. His promotion of equality, social justice, and women’s rights laid the foundation for the continued growth and development of the Sikh community. Guru Amar Das’s enduring legacy is evident in the core values of Sikhism, which continue to inspire millions of people around the world.
